With the seasonal flu season approaching and uncertainty over what will happen with the swine flu, new research by Yale School of Public Health has found that more people are likely to avoid both illnesses if vaccines are given out first to those most likely to transmit them, rather than to those at highest risk for complications. The findings differ from current vaccination recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).
The ACIP currently recommends that groups at high risk for complications of swine flu (novel influenza A or H1N1) be given priority for vaccination. The CDC recommends the same for seasonal flu vaccination. High-risk groups include children younger than 5 years old, adults 65 years of age and older, pregnant women, and those suffering from pulmonary, cardiovascular and other disorders.
But the study by Alison P. Galvani, Ph.D., an associate professor in the division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, suggests that vaccines targeted at groups more likely to transmit the viruses, rather than those at highest risk of complications, would result in fewer infections and improved survival rates.
Galvani used mathematical models to measure outcomes based on deaths, years of life lost and economic costs. Strikingly, these models found that schoolchildren and their parents, generally in their thirties, are the best groups to vaccinate when even a modest amount of an effective vaccine is available, because schoolchildren are most responsible for transmission and their parents serve as bridges to the rest of the population. By targeting these two age groups, the study found, the remainder of the population is better protected.
"Our results illustrate the importance of considering transmission when allocating vaccines," said Galvani. The paper was co-authored by Jan Medlock of Clemson University. The study appeared in the August 21 online issue of the journal Science.
The CDC expanded its seasonal flu vaccination recommendations in 2008 to include children up to 18 years old. Still, Galvani’s study determined that previous, and new, guidelines for both swine and seasonal flu performed substantially worse than the optimal strategies that she and her group identified.
For example, using the ACIP’s new vaccination policies for the swine flu, the study determined that ACIP recommendations would result in 1.3 million infections, 2,600 deaths, and $2.8 billion in cost. In contrast, Galvani’s model resulted in 113,000 infections, 242 deaths, and $1.6 billion in cost.
Galvani said the CDC’s recommendations could be significantly improved by reducing CDC prioritization of children under age 5 and that of the elderly. "The optimal allocation of vaccines is paramount to minimizing mortality and morbidity in the population, particularly when there is a supply shortage," she said.